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- $Unique_ID{BRK03770}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Giardiasis}
- $Subject{Giardiasis Lambliasis Beaver Fever Amebiasis Hookworms Threadworm
- (Strongyloidiasis)}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 492:
- Giardiasis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Giardiasis) is not the name
- you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to find
- alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Lambliasis
- Beaver Fever
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Amebiasis
- Hookworms
- Threadworm (Strongyloidiasis)
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Giardiasis is an infectious disorder of the gastrointestinal tract caused
- by a genus of protozoan parasite known as Giardia lamblia. This disorder may
- not cause noticeable symptoms, but when many of these parasites are present,
- absorption of nutrients is diminished. Additionally, acute gastrointestinal
- discomfort, chronic or acute diarrhea, and other digestive system
- abnormalities can occur. This disorder has occurred in epidemics associated
- with contaminated water in which infected beavers live because parasites in
- the cyst stage from beavers are infectious to humans. These cysts can
- survive in cold water for several months.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Giardiasis may not cause symptoms if a patient has ingested only a few
- protozoan parasites known as Giardia lamblia. When there is an initial
- concentration of many parasites in the intestines, acute abdominal
- discomfort, diarrhea, excessive gas (flatulence), and foul-smelling stools
- may result. When recurrent unexplained abdominal discomfort develops along
- with these symptoms, Giardia parasites may be lodged in the duodenum. Acute
- attacks usually last approximately three or four days, although symptoms may
- persist for several weeks. Infection may resolve spontaneously in some
- patients, but treatment is usually required.
-
- In long-term infestation, patients may experience chronic diarrhea,
- malabsorption of nutrients, weight loss, upper abdominal (epigastric)
- cramping, loss of appetite (anorexia), nausea, vomiting, and/or excretion of
- fat in the stools. The disease affects only the intestines.
-
- Causes
-
- Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite known as Giardia lamblia.
- Humans are infected by the parasites in the cyst stage (e.g., when they are
- excreted by beavers. After beavers have contaminated the water supply in
- which they live, cysts often exist for several months, even in cold water.
- Person-to-person (fecal-oral or sexual contact) and foodborne cases also
- occur. Giardiasis has also been known to be transferred to humans by dogs
- and other animals.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Giardiasis affects persons coming in contact with the protozoan parasite
- known as Giardia lamblia. This disorder occurs worldwide. Epidemics have
- occurred in the United States when parasitic cysts are excreted by beavers in
- public water reservoirs. Epidemics have also occurred in day care centers
- and custodial institutions such as prisons and long-term care facilities.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Giardiasis.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Amebiasis is a disease of the intestinal tract caused by the protozoan
- parasite, Entamoeba histolytica. The infection is spread person-to-person or
- indirectly via contaminated food or water. The organism invades the colon
- and rectum and produces ulcers and inflammation. Symptoms begin gradually
- with an increasing number of stools reaching as many as fifteen per day.
- Stools may be semi-solid to liquid and they often carry blood. Fever, local
- bowel tenderness and cramping abdominal pain occur. If the liver is
- affected, tenderness will develop in that area. In the United States,
- Amebiasis primarily affects visitors returning from countries with poor
- sanitation. Treatment with the drug metronidazole (Flagyl) is often
- effective in eliminating the disorder.
-
- Hookworms are a parasitic organism which penetrate the skin and migrate
- to the intestines where they attach themselves by their mouth and suck blood.
- Abdominal pain is the most common symptom, but an asymptomatic anemia which
- can limit growth in children may also occur. Approximately twenty-five
- percent of the world population may be infected with hookworms. Parasites
- attach themselves to a person walking barefoot in soil contaminated with
- hookworm larvae. Several effective drugs are available for treatment.
-
- Threadworm (Strongyloidiasis) is a parasitic intestinal disorder
- characterized by upper abdominal (epigastric) pain and tenderness, vomiting,
- and diarrhea. This disorder is usually found in the tropics in areas of poor
- sanitation. It can exist in crowded and unsanitary institutions anywhere.
- Threadworm can persist for decades. Treatment with the drug thiabendazole is
- often effective for Threadworm patients.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The treatment of choice for Giardiasis patients is the drug quinacrine. Mild
- cases may respond to the drug furazolidone (Furoxone). The most important
- factor for preventing this disorder is proper treatment of infected water.
- Chlorination may not kill cysts; sedimentation, flocculation and filtration
- should also be performed. Water can be boiled for one minute, or mixed with
- halazone or iodine to eliminate contamination. Travelers to areas with
- contaminated water should drink only boiled or treated water and should not
- consume uncooked fruit or vegetables.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Treatment with the drugs tinidazole, ornidazole or metronidazole for
- Giardiasis may be effective. However, these medications have not yet been
- approved for use in the United States for this condition.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Giardiasis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 1785-1786.
-
- MANAGEMENT OF GIARDIASIS: E.D. Gorski; Am Fam Physician (November 1985,
- issue 32(5)). Pp. 157-164.
-
- SELECTIVE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF DISEASE IN THE
- DEVELOPING WORLD. XIX. GIARDIASIS: D.P. Stevens; Rev Infect Dis (July
- 1985, issue 7(4)). Pp. 530-535.
-
- TREATMENT OF INTESTINAL E. HISTOLYTICA AND G. LAMBLIA WITH METRONIDAZOLE,
- TINIDAZOLE AND ORNIDAZOLE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY: S. Bassily, et al.; J Trop
- Med Hyg (February 1987, issue 90 (1)). Pp. 9-12.
-
-